分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： With the advent of gravitational-wave astronomy and the discovery of more compact binary coalescences, data quality improvement techniques are desired to handle the complex and overwhelming noise in gravitational wave (GW) observational data. Though recent studies have shown promising results for data denoising, they are unable to precisely recover both the GW signal amplitude and phase. To address such an issue, we develop a deep neural network centered workflow, WaveFormer, for significant noise suppression and signal recovery on observational data from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). The WaveFormer has a science-driven architecture design with hierarchical feature extraction across a broad frequency spectrum. As a result, the overall noise and glitch are decreased by more than 1 order of magnitude and the signal recovery error is roughly 1% and 7% for the phase and amplitude, respectively. Moreover, we achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on reported binary black hole events of existing LIGO observing runs and substantial 1386 years inverse false alarm rate improvement on average. Our work highlights the potential of large neural networks for GW data quality improvement and can be extended to the data processing analyses of upcoming observing runs.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： There exist two kinds of stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds associated with the primordial curvature perturbations. One is called induced gravitational wave due to the nonlinear coupling of curvature perturbations to tensor perturbations, while the other is produced by coalescences of binary primordial black holes formed when the large amplitude curvature perturbations reenter the horizon in the radiation dominant era. In this paper we find a quite useful relation for the peak frequencies of these two stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds. This relation can not only offer a smoking-gun criterion for the existence of primordial black holes, but also provide a method for measuring the Hubble constant $H_0$ by multiband observations of the stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： We investigate gravitational waves (GWs) generated in a two-field inflationary model with a non-canonical kinetic term, in which the gravitational Chern-Simons term is coupled to a heavy dynamical field. In such a model, primordial GWs experience a period of resonant amplification for some modes. In addition, isocurvature perturbations suffer from a temporary tachyonic instability due to an effective negative mass, which source curvature perturbations, resulting in large induced GWs. These two stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds correspond to different frequency bands, which are expected to be detected by future GW detectors such as SKA, LISA and Taiji.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： The nonattractor evolution in ultra-slow-roll (USR) inflation results in the amplification of superhorizon curvature perturbations and then induces a strong and detectable stochastic gravitational wave background. In this letter, we search for such a stochastic gravitational wave background in data from the third LIGO-Virgo observing run and place constraints on the USR inflationary models. The $e$-folding number of the USR phase are constrained to be $\Delta N \lesssim 2.9$ at the 95% confidence level and the power spectrum of curvature perturbations amplified during the USR phase is constrained to be $\log_{10}P_{R\mathrm{p}}<-1.7$ at the scales $2.9\times10^5 ~\mathrm{pc^{-1}} \lesssim k \lesssim 1.7\times10^{11}~\mathrm{pc^{-1}}$. Besides, we forecast the ability of future experiments to constrain USR inflation, and find $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-3.6}$ for LISA and Taiji, $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-3.3}$ for Cosmic Explore and Einstein Telescope, $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-5.5}$ for DECIGO and Big Bang Observer and $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-5.2}$ for Square Kilometre Array.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： With the advent of gravitational-wave astronomy and the discovery of more compact binary coalescences, data quality improvement techniques are desired to handle the complex and overwhelming noise in gravitational wave (GW) observational data. Though recent studies have shown promising results for data denoising, they are unable to precisely recover both the GW signal amplitude and phase. To address such an issue, we develop a deep neural network centered workflow, WaveFormer, for significant noise suppression and signal recovery on observational data from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). The WaveFormer has a science-driven architecture design with hierarchical feature extraction across a broad frequency spectrum. As a result, the overall noise and glitch are decreased by more than 1 order of magnitude and the signal recovery error is roughly 1% and 7% for the phase and amplitude, respectively. Moreover, we achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on reported binary black hole events of existing LIGO observing runs and substantial 1386 years inverse false alarm rate improvement on average. Our work highlights the potential of large neural networks for GW data quality improvement and can be extended to the data processing analyses of upcoming observing runs.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： We investigate spherical domain walls~(DWs) nucleated via quantum tunneling in multifield inflationary models and curvature perturbations induced by the inhomogeneous distribution of those DWs. We consider the case that the Euclidean action $S_{E}$ of DWs changes with time during inflation so that most of DWs nucleate when $S_{E}$ reaches the minimum value and the radii of DWs are almost the same. When the Hubble horizon scale exceeds the DW radius after inflation, DWs begin to annihilate and release their energy into background radiation. Because of the random nature of the nucleation process, the statistics of DWs is of the Poisson type and the power spectrum of curvature perturbations has a characteristic slope ${\cal P}_{\cal R}(k)\propto k^{3}$. The amplitude of ${\cal P}_{\cal R}(k)$ depends on the tension and abundance of DWs at the annihilation time while the peak mode depends on the mean separation of DWs. We also numerically obtain the energy spectra of scalar-induced gravitational waves from predicted curvature perturbations which are expected to be observed in multiband gravitational-wave detectors.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Gravitational waves (GWs) from tens of millions of compact binaries in our Milky Way enter the milli-Hertz band of space-based detection. The majority of them cannot be resolved individually, resulting in a foreground confusion noise for Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). The concept of Taiji mission is similar to LISA's with slightly better sensitivity, which means that the galactic GW signals will also affect the detection with Taiji. Here we generate the GW signals from 29.8 million galactic binaries for Taiji and subtract the `resolvable' sources. The confusion noise is estimated and fitted in an analytic form with 6-month, 1-year, 2-year and 4-year observation time. We find that the full sensitivity curve is slightly lower for Taiji than for LISA at frequencies of $\leq 0.8$ mHz and around 2~mHz. For a 4-year lifetime, more than 29 thousand sources are resolvable with Taiji. Compared to LISA, Taiji can subtract $\sim 20 \%$ more sources and the distribution of them in our Milky Way is consistent with that of the resolvable sources with LISA. At frequencies around 2~mHz or with the chirp masses ranging from $0.2 M_\odot$ to $0.4 M_\odot$, more sources become resolvable with Taiji.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
Marlin B. Schäfer
Ondřej Zelenka
Alexander H. Nitz
He Wang
Shichao Wu
Zong-Kuan Guo
Zhoujian Cao
Zhixiang Ren
Paraskevi Nousi
Nikolaos Stergioulas
Panagiotis Iosif
Alexandra E. Koloniari
Anastasios Tefas
Nikolaos Passalis
Francesco Salemi
Gabriele Vedovato
Sergey Klimenko
Tanmaya Mishra
Bernd Brügmann
Elena Cuoco
摘要： We present the results of the first Machine Learning Gravitational-Wave Search Mock Data Challenge (MLGWSC-1). For this challenge, participating groups had to identify gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole mergers of increasing complexity and duration embedded in progressively more realistic noise. The final of the 4 provided datasets contained real noise from the O3a observing run and signals up to a duration of 20 seconds with the inclusion of precession effects and higher order modes. We present the average sensitivity distance and runtime for the 6 entered algorithms derived from 1 month of test data unknown to the participants prior to submission. Of these, 4 are machine learning algorithms. We find that the best machine learning based algorithms are able to achieve up to 95% of the sensitive distance of matched-filtering based production analyses for simulated Gaussian noise at a false-alarm rate (FAR) of one per month. In contrast, for real noise, the leading machine learning search achieved 70%. For higher FARs the differences in sensitive distance shrink to the point where select machine learning submissions outperform traditional search algorithms at FARs $\geq 200$ per month on some datasets. Our results show that current machine learning search algorithms may already be sensitive enough in limited parameter regions to be useful for some production settings. To improve the state-of-the-art, machine learning algorithms need to reduce the false-alarm rates at which they are capable of detecting signals and extend their validity to regions of parameter space where modeled searches are computationally expensive to run. Based on our findings we compile a list of research areas that we believe are the most important to elevate machine learning searches to an invaluable tool in gravitational-wave signal detection.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： The nonattractor evolution in ultra-slow-roll (USR) inflation results in the amplification of superhorizon curvature perturbations and then induces a strong and detectable stochastic gravitational wave background. In this letter, we search for such a stochastic gravitational wave background in data from the third LIGO-Virgo observing run and place constraints on the USR inflationary models. The $e$-folding number of the USR phase are constrained to be $\Delta N \lesssim 2.9$ at the 95% confidence level and the power spectrum of curvature perturbations amplified during the USR phase is constrained to be $\log_{10}P_{R\mathrm{p}}<-1.7$ at the scales $2.9\times10^5 ~\mathrm{pc^{-1}} \lesssim k \lesssim 1.7\times10^{11}~\mathrm{pc^{-1}}$. Besides, we forecast the ability of future experiments to constrain USR inflation, and find $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-3.6}$ for LISA and Taiji, $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-3.3}$ for Cosmic Explore and Einstein Telescope, $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-5.5}$ for DECIGO and Big Bang Observer and $P_{R\mathrm{p}}\lesssim 10^{-5.2}$ for Square Kilometre Array.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Gravitational waves (GWs) from tens of millions of compact binaries in our Milky Way enter the milli-Hertz band of space-based detection. The majority of them cannot be resolved individually, resulting in a foreground confusion noise for Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). The concept of Taiji mission is similar to LISA's with slightly better sensitivity, which means that the galactic GW signals will also affect the detection with Taiji. Here we generate the GW signals from 29.8 million galactic binaries for Taiji and subtract the `resolvable' sources. The confusion noise is estimated and fitted in an analytic form with 6-month, 1-year, 2-year and 4-year observation time. We find that the full sensitivity curve is slightly lower for Taiji than for LISA at frequencies of $\leq 0.8$ mHz and around 2~mHz. For a 4-year lifetime, more than 29 thousand sources are resolvable with Taiji. Compared to LISA, Taiji can subtract $\sim 20 \%$ more sources and the distribution of them in our Milky Way is consistent with that of the resolvable sources with LISA. At frequencies around 2~mHz or with the chirp masses ranging from $0.2 M_\odot$ to $0.4 M_\odot$, more sources become resolvable with Taiji.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： The Hubble tension seems to be a crisis with $\sim5\sigma$ discrepancy between the most recent local distance ladder measurement from type Ia supernovae calibrated by Cepheids and the global fitting constraint from the cosmic microwave background data. To narrow down the possible late-time solutions to the Hubble tension, we have used in a recent study [Phys. Rev. D 105, L021301 (2022)] an improved inverse distance ladder method calibrated by the absolute measurements of the Hubble expansion rate at high redshifts from the cosmic chronometer data, and found no appealing evidence for new physics at the late time beyond the $\Lambda$CDM model characterized by a parametrization based on the cosmic age. In this paper, we further investigate the perspective of this improved inverse distance ladder method by including the late-time matter perturbation growth data. Independent of the dataset choices, model parametrizations, and diagnostic quantities ($S_8$ and $S_{12}$), the new physics at the late time beyond the $\Lambda$CDM model is strongly disfavored so that the previous late-time no-go guide for the Hubble tension is further strengthened.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： We investigate spherical domain walls~(DWs) nucleated via quantum tunneling in multifield inflationary models and curvature perturbations induced by the inhomogeneous distribution of those DWs. We consider the case that the Euclidean action $S_{E}$ of DWs changes with time during inflation so that most of DWs nucleate when $S_{E}$ reaches the minimum value and the radii of DWs are almost the same. When the Hubble horizon scale exceeds the DW radius after inflation, DWs begin to annihilate and release their energy into background radiation. Because of the random nature of the nucleation process, the statistics of DWs is of the Poisson type and the power spectrum of curvature perturbations has a characteristic slope ${\cal P}_{\cal R}(k)\propto k^{3}$. The amplitude of ${\cal P}_{\cal R}(k)$ depends on the tension and abundance of DWs at the annihilation time while the peak mode depends on the mean separation of DWs. We also numerically obtain the energy spectra of scalar-induced gravitational waves from predicted curvature perturbations which are expected to be observed in multiband gravitational-wave detectors.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： We investigate gravitational waves (GWs) generated in a two-field inflationary model with a non-canonical kinetic term, in which the gravitational Chern-Simons term is coupled to a heavy dynamical field. In such a model, primordial GWs experience a period of resonant amplification for some modes. In addition, isocurvature perturbations suffer from a temporary tachyonic instability due to an effective negative mass, which source curvature perturbations, resulting in large induced GWs. These two stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds correspond to different frequency bands, which are expected to be detected by future GW detectors such as SKA, LISA and Taiji.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： There exist two kinds of stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds associated with the primordial curvature perturbations. One is called induced gravitational wave due to the nonlinear coupling of curvature perturbations to tensor perturbations, while the other is produced by coalescences of binary primordial black holes formed when the large amplitude curvature perturbations reenter the horizon in the radiation dominant era. In this paper we find a quite useful relation for the peak frequencies of these two stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds. This relation can not only offer a smoking-gun criterion for the existence of primordial black holes, but also provide a method for measuring the Hubble constant $H_0$ by multiband observations of the stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： The Hubble parameter is one of the central parameters in modern cosmology, which describes the present expansion rate of the universe. Their values inferred from the late-time observations are systematically higher than those from the early-time measurements by about $10\%$. To come to a robust conclusion, independent probes with accuracy at percent levels are crucial. Gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence events can be formulated into the standard siren approach to provide an independent Hubble parameter measurement. The future space-borne gravitational wave observatory network, such as the LISA-Taiji network, will be able to measure the gravitational wave signals in the Millihertz bands with unprecedented accuracy. By including several statistical and instrumental noises, we show that within 5 years operation time, the LISA-Taiji network is able to constrain the Hubble parameter within $1\%$ accuracy, and possibly beats the scatters down to $0.5\%$ or even better.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Parametric resonance in a single-field inflationary model with a periodic structure on the potential gives rise to curvature perturbations with large amplitudes on small scales, which could result in observable primordial black holes (PBHs) and concomitant gravitational waves (GWs) induced by curvature perturbations in the radiation-dominated era. In such a model, GWs associated with the PBH formation were investigated in Ref. [1]. In this paper, we consider a stochastic GW background sourced by inflaton perturbations resonantly amplified during inflation. We compute the energy spectra of induced GWs produced both during inflation and in the radiation-dominated era, and find that the peak of the energy spectrum of the former is much higher than that of the latter, but is located at a lower frequency. Moreover, the energy spectrum of induced GWs produced during inflation exhibits a unique oscillating character in the ultraviolet region. Both the stochastic GW backgrounds are expected to be detected by future space-based laser interferometers.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Values of the Hubble constant between the direct measurements from various independent local observations and that inferred from the cosmic microwave background with the $\Lambda$-cold-dark-matter model are in tension with persistent significance. We propose a late-time inhomogeneous resolution suggesting that a chameleon field coupled to a local overdensity of matter could be trapped at a higher potential energy density as an effective cosmological constant driving the local expansion rate faster than that of the background with lower matter density. We illustrate this mechanism in a toy model in which a region with only $20\%$ overdensity of matter is sufficient to resolve the Hubble tension, and the Hubble constant measured by the local distance ladders could be accommodated by the chameleon coupled to the observed overdensities from the large-scale structure surveys.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
Ligong Bian
Rong-Gen Cai
Shuo Cao
Zhoujian Cao
He Gao
Zong-Kuan Guo
Kejia Lee
Di Li
Jing Liu
Youjun Lu
Shi Pi
Jian-Min Wang
Shao-Jiang Wang
Yan Wang
Tao Yang
Xing-Yu Yang
Shenghua Yu
Xin Zhang
摘要： It has been a half-decade since the first direct detection of gravitational waves, which signifies the coming of the era of the gravitational-wave astronomy and gravitational-wave cosmology. The increasing number of the detected gravitational-wave events has revealed the promising capability of constraining various aspects of cosmology, astronomy, and gravity. Due to the limited space in this review article, we will briefly summarize the recent progress over the past five years, but with a special focus on some of our own work for the Key Project ``Physics associated with the gravitational waves'' supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. In particular, (1) we have presented the mechanism of the gravitational-wave production during some physical processes of the early Universe, such as inflation, preheating and phase transition, and the cosmological implications of gravitational-wave measurements; (2) we have put constraints on the neutron star maximum mass according to GW170817 observations; (3) we have developed a numerical relativity algorithm based on the finite element method and a waveform model for the binary black hole coalescence along an eccentric orbit.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： The Hubble tension, if not caused by any systematics, could be relieved or even resolved from modifying either the early-time or late-time Universe. The early-time modifications are usually in tension with either galaxy clustering or galaxy lensing constraints. The late-time modifications are also in conflict with the constraint from the inverse distance ladder, which, however, is weakened by the dependence on a sound-horizon prior and some particular approximation for the late-time expansion history. To achieve a more general no-go argument for the late-time scenarios, we propose to use a global parametrizationbased on the cosmic age (PAge) to consistently use the cosmic chronometers data beyond the Taylor expansion domain and without the input of a sound-horizon prior. Both the early-time and late-time scenarios are therefore largely ruled out, indicating the possible ways out of the Hubble tension from either exotic modifications of our concordance Universe or some unaccounted systematics.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： We investigate the curvature perturbations induced by the randomness of the quantum tunneling process during cosmological first-order phase transitions (PTs) and for the first time ultilize curvature perturbations to constrain the PT parameters. We find that the observations of the cosmic microwave background spectrum distortion and the ultracompact minihalo abundance can give strict constraints on the PTs below 100GeV, especially for the low-scale PTs and the weak PTs. The current constraint on the PT parameters is largely extended by the results in this work.
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